Demography and social economy, 2017, 1(29):37-53
Doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/dse2017.01.037
JEL CLASSIFICATION:І 21, I 29

О.М. Khmelevska
PhD (Economics), Lead Researcher
Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
01032, Ukraine, Kyiv, Blvd Tarasa Shevchenka, 60
E-mail: kh_o@ukr.net

TUTORING AS A COMPONENT OF THE SHADOW EDUCATION AND APPROACHES TO ITS ASSESSMENT IN UKRAINE
Section: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Language: Ukrainian
Abstract: The prevalence of tutoring is the least studied domain of education in Ukraine, particularly with regard to the restricted opportunities to its analysis based on the official statistics of education. When summarizing international experience, we can argue that private supplementary learning within basic curriculum should be regarded as an integral part of the shadow education. Thus, a range of methodological problems can be solved. A rapid accumulation of empirical data about private tutoring at international and national levels allow us to concentrate at prevailing directions in academic literature on the causes and consequences of the shadow education expansion to define its parameters, modes and localization. A combination of various data sources on providers and recipients of supplementary education services allow obtaining of new quantitative and qualitative data, including analysis of subjects of producing and consuming the shadow education.
Data of 2004–2016 sociological surveys for the problems of tutoring in Ukraine have been analyzed. The study revealed that this phenomenon is quite prevalent among future entrants, despite of introduction of the External Independent Evaluation in 2008. The most informative data sources in terms of private tutoring in Ukraine are presented by special sociological surveys and specialized internet-sites. Still, the methodology of the program «Household Budget Survey» in Ukraine suggests such opportunities. As a supplementary tool of assessment of intensity of tutoring in Ukraine, the Google Trends specialize service can be used.
Key words: tutoring, supplementary schooling, shadow education, tutoring services, household expenses for tutoring.
References:
1. Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring (2006). Education Support Program (ESP) of the Open Society Institute. opensocietyfoundations.org. Retrieved from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/hidden_20070216.pdf [in English].
2. Dang, H.-A., & Rogers, F.H. (2008). How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources? The World Bank Development Research Group. Policy Research Working Paper 4530, February 2008. elibrary.worldbank.org. Retrieved from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4530 [in English].
3. The Challenge of Shadow Education. Private Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in the European Union (2011). European Commission. nesse.fr. Retrieved from http://www.nesse.fr/nesse/activities/reports/activities/reports/the-challenge-of-shadow-education-1 [in English].
4. Bray, M., & Lykins, C. (2012). Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia. Asian Development Bank. Philippines, Mandaluyong City. aserpakistan.org. Retrieved from http://aserpakistan.org/document/learning_resources/2014/Private_Tuitions/Shadow-Education%20by%20Mark%20Bray.pdf [in English].
5. Lee, S.K. (2014). Shadow Education in the Southeast of South Korea: Mothers’ Experiences and Perspectives of Shadow Education. Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota, August 2014. conservancy.umn.edu. Retrieved from https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167226/Lee_umn_0130E_15382.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed [in English].
6. Shin, K., Leem, H.N., & Lim, H. (2015). No Shadow, No Worry. World Without Worries about Shadow Education (WWWSE): Helping a Nation Rethink its Approach to Education. Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS). asiacps.org. Retrieved from http://www.asiacps.org/documents/CAPS_CS_WWWSE.pdf [in English].
7. King, C. (2012). Experiencing Shadow Education: The Rural Gambian Context. Master’s Capstone Projects 19. scholarworks.umass.edu. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cie_capstones/19 [in English].
8. Loyalka, P., & Zakharov, A. (2014). Does Shadow Education Help Students Prepare for College? Basic Research Program. Working Papers. Series: Education WP BRP 15/EDU/2014. wp.hse.ru. Retrieved from https://wp.hse.ru/data/2014/01/27/1326233323/15EDU2014.pdf [in English].
9. Entrich, S.R. (2014). German and Japanese Education in the Shadow - Do Out-of-School Lessons Really Contribute to Class Reproduction? The IAFOR Journal of Education, Summer 2014, II. iafor.org. Retrieved from http://iafor.org/archives/journals/education/journal-of-education-v2-i2-contents/german-and-japanese-entrich.pdf [in English].
10. Bray, M. (2010). Researching Shadow Education: Methodological Challenges and Directions. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 3-13. eric.ed.gov. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ877899 [in English]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-009-9056-6
11. Borodchuk, N. (2011). Shadow Education: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Impact of the Educational Reform (Implementation of Centralized Standardised Testing) on Private Tutoring in Ukraine. LSE Working Papers, January 2011. lse.ac.uk. Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/pdf/WP/WP117.pdf [in English].
12. Sotsial’no-ekonomichnyi portret studentiv: rezul’taty opytuvannia [Students’ socio-economic portrait: survey results] (2016). CEDOS. cedos.org.ua. Retrieved from http://www.cedos.org.ua/uk/osvita/sotsialno-ekonomichnyi-portret-studentiv-rezultaty-opytuvannia [in Ukrainian].
13. Vplyv sotsial’no-ekonomichnoho seredovyshcha na rezul’taty navchannia uchniv (vykhovantsiv) zahal’noosvitnikh navchalnykh zakladiv [Influence of social and economic environment on the results of education of pupils of secondary schools] (2016). Instytut osvitnoi analityky; UTsOYaO; CEDOS; Instytut pedahohiky NAPN Ukrainy. testportal.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://testportal.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/zvit_oputyv_2016.pdf [in Ukrainian].
14. Khalfaoul, N. (2010). Shadow Education: Its Nature Role and Function in British International Schools in Hong Kong. Durham University. etheses.dur.ac.uk. Retrieved from http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/306/ [in English].
15. Bray, M. (2003). Adverse Effects of Private Supplementary Tutoring: Dimensions, Implications, and Government Responses. UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP). Series: Ethics and Corruption in Education. Paris : IIEP-UNESCO. unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001330/133039e.pdf [in English].
16. Yung, K.W.-H., & Bray, M. (2017). Shadow Education: Features, Expansion and Implications. Making sense of education in post-handover Hong Kong: Achievements and challenges. Tse, T.K.C. & Lee, M. (Eds.). London : Routledge. academia.edu. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/31424353/Shadow_education_Features_expansion_and_implications [in English].
17. Bray, M. (1999). The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners. Fundamentals of Education, 61. Paris : UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP). eric.ed.gov. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED445408 [in English].
18. Bray, M. (2009). Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring? UNESCO & International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP). Paris. unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001851/185106E.pdf [in English].
19. Stevenson, D.L., & Baker, D.P. (1992). Shadow Education and Allocation in Formal Schooling: Transition to University in Japan. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1639-1657 [in English]. https://doi.org/10.1086/229942
20. Sistema nacionalnyh schetov 2008 [System of National Accounts 2008 (document symbol ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/2/Rev.5)] (2012). EC, IMF, OECD, UN, WB. Ivanov, Ju.N. (Ed). N.-Y. unstats.un.org. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008Russian.pdf [in Russian].
21. Metodolohichni polozhennia z orhanizatsii derzhavnoho statystychnoho sposterezhennia «Obstezhennia umov zhyttia domohospodarstv» [Methodological Provisions for the Organization of State Statistical Survey «HBS» in Ukraine] (2014). Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy – State Statistics Service of Ukraine. ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ [in Ukrainian].
22. Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy: Ofitsijnyj sajt [State Statistics Service of Ukraine: Official site]. ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ [in Ukrainian].
23. Sarioglo, V.G. (2016). «Velyki dani» iak dzherelo informatsii ta instrumentarij dlia ofitsijnoi statystyky: potentsial, problemy, perspektyvy [«Big Data» as an Information Soursce and Toolkit for Official Statistics: Capacities, Problems, Prospects]. Statystyka Ukrainy – Statistics of Ukraine, 4(75), 12-19 [in Ukrainian].
24. Google Trends.(n.d.). trends.google.com.ua. Retrieved from https://trends.google.com.ua/trends/ [in English].

» pdf