Demography and social economy

ECOLOGICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS

Roman Chornyi — 2025-07-03

The article defines the possibilities of ecological entrepreneurship for the socio-economic development of Ukrainian regions, which forms a conscious and responsible consumption of natural resources with minimization of harmful impact on the environment, implementing ecological policy aimed at organic production, circular economy, and using alternative energy sources in economic activity. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the possibilities of developing ecological entrepreneurship to ensure the resilience of Ukraine’s regions. The study was conducted using theoretical and empirical methods: content analysis and synthesis of scientific literature — to study modern approaches to ecological entrepreneurship; system analysis — to estimate ecological entrepreneurship as a complex phenomenon that combines economic, social and environmental components; abstract and logical — to establish logical relationships between ecological entrepreneurship and sustainable development; statistical analysis — to evaluate the indicators of ecological entrepreneurship development in the regions; functional analysis — to analyze regulatory acts, analytical reports, and support programs for ecological entrepreneurship; benchmarking — to compare best practices of ecological entrepreneurship in different countries.

The novelty of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the role of ecological entrepreneurship as a key factor in the socio-economic development of Ukrainian regions by identifying the interrelationships between entrepreneurship, environmental protection, and increasing the resilience of regional economies, considering the best European practices. The main environmental indicators of entrepreneurial activity are estimated, and the impact of military operations on the environment in the regions of Ukraine is determined. The types of ecological entrepreneurship are distinguished, and the possibilities of developing organic production as one of the priority directions for the recovery of entrepreneurial activity in the regions are substantiated. The successful practices of ecological entrepreneurship in Ukraine are analyzed, and directions of their development in various types of economic activity in the regions are determined in the article. The article summarizes foreign experience in various types of environmental entrepreneurship, which allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that it is promising to spread it to ensure the resilience of regional development in Ukraine. The instruments for promoting the development of ecological entrepreneurship in Ukraine are substantiated, including: certification and ecological labelling; energy saving and use of renewable energy sources; green innovations and technologies; waste management; investment in green projects; education and awareness raising; cooperation with local governments, wide involvement of regional stakeholders; development of digital platforms; promotion of eco-friendly products, etc. Сonclusions are made on promising areas for further researches in the field of environmental economics in the regions, namely, the recommendations for regional authorities, enterprises and investors to prioritize ecological entrepreneurship in renewed regional and local strategies of socio-economic development, considering their natural resource potential, economic specialization and environmental status, which will facilitate the regions’ adaptation to global environmental and economic challenges.

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REMITTANCES: TRENDS AND IMPACT ON UKRAINE’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

Bohdan Martyshchenko — 2025-07-03

This article examines the impact of remittances on the Ukraine’s gross domestic product (GDP). It compares the volumes of remittances and foreign direct investment as a component of GDP and assesses how remittances are utilized. This study uses official data and materials from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the National Bank of Ukraine, and several international organizations. It applies general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison) and special methods, including economic and statistical analysis, correlation and regression analysis, as well as econometric tools. The study estimates the impact of remittances on GDP through consumption and investment. Using R software, the analysis models the effects of remittances and foreign direct investment on GDP. It also measures the correlation between independent variables (remittances and foreign direct investment) and evaluates their respective impacts on GDP. The study tests the adequacy of the model and estimates how a USD 1 billion change in remittances or foreign direct investment affects GDP. The study’s relevance lies in the significant role remittances play in GDP formation and economic stability, especially during economic crises. The findings show that remittances are a vital source of financial inflows, primarily supporting consumer demand. The research’s novelty comes from its innovative approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative analyses of remittances concerning to economic indicators. The main findings indicate that most remittances come from migrant workers. Official statistics do not fully reflect the scale of permanent emigration, and data on labor migration are fragmentary, complicating analysis. Remittances drive growth in consumer demand and investment, both components of GDP, according to its calculation formula. Migrant remittances are largely allocated to consumer spending, while the share of funds invested in business development is minimal. In recent years, remittances have mostly grown, surpassing foreign direct investment despite global and regional shocks. Both remittances and foreign direct investment contribute to GDP growth. After 2014, changes in migration patterns increased the share of informal remittances.

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINIAN WOMEN: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION

Olena Makarova — 2025-07-03

The article is devoted to highlighting the features of the implementation of women’s economic activity in the context of modern trends in the labor market of Ukraine. Based on the conducted research, the reasons and factors of restrictions on women’s participation in the labor force were identified. Socio-economic obstacles to the full disclosure of their economic potential were identified, taking into account the specifics of the conditions of a full-scale war in Ukraine.

The issues of ensuring decent employment conditions and economic participation of the population are relevant for most countries in the world. Research into the possibilities of increasing economic activity is especially relevant for European countries with a high level of demographic aging, a reduction in the size of the labor force, and, accordingly, an increase in the labor force deficit. Today, Ukraine is faced with the problem of a significant labor force deficit. It arose under the joint action of factors of both a long-term nature (natural demographic decline of the economically active population) and (to a greater extent) short- term factors of military events and their consequences (large-scale migration, forced resettlement, mobilization of men).

At the same time, the analysis of the situation on the Ukrainian labor market indicates the existence of a certain paradox: along with a significant labor shortage, there is a relatively low level of population participation in the labor force, especially among women. According to pre-war data, Ukraine lagged behind most European countries in terms of women’s economic activity. The hypothesis for conducting the study was several assumptions about the existence of socio-economic obstacles to women’s employment, for example, the difficulty of combining employment with family responsibilities due to the lack of services and social infrastructure facilities that would support working women, help with job search, retraining, training; insufficient supply of jobs with flexible work schedules from employers, etc. Despite significant progress in expanding women’s labor rights around the world, gender issues of equal participation in the labor market remain relevant not only for Ukraine, but even for the most economically developed countries. Thus, the purpose of the study is to analyze trends in women’s economic activity in conditions of full-scale military aggression, identify factors and obstacles to their employment, and develop recommendations for eliminating barriers to women’s full participation in the workforce. The object of the study is a set of women of economically active age.

The study used methods of generalization of information, statistical analysis of data, empirical sociological research, which combined a national online survey of women of working age (18—59 years), a sample size of 716 respondents; flexible interviews with experts — representatives of the State Employment Service of Ukraine, the Federation of Employers of Ukraine and non-governmental organizations that are concerned with supporting women’s economic activity and protecting their labor rights; logical analysis methods — to form conclusions and proposals. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed regarding opportunities to increase women’s participation in the labor market, realize their economic potential, overcome existing barriers to employment, and improve conditions for combining employment with family responsibilities.

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5. Prokopovych-Pavliuk, I. V. (2023). Womens in the labor market of Ukraine: statistical assessment and opportunities. Demography, labor economics, social economics and politics. https://doi.org/10.32782/infrastruct70-26

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FAMILY RESILIENCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF A LONG WAR IN UKRAINE

Liudmyla Slyusar — 2025-07-03

The purpose of this study is to determine the importance of family resilience for ensuring the vital activity of Ukrainian society in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the challenges / risks to its further development in the event of a protracted war and in the post-war period. The study is based on information from open sources, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Department of State Registration of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, expert assessments, and materials from sample surveys. The methods of comparative analysis, generalization and induction, survey, and systematic approach were used. Family resilience is its natural ability to adapt, self-organize in crisis conditions, and the ability to preserve the essence of family ties/relationships when changing their form, changing ec onomic, social, and security conditions of existence. In periods of severe extreme trials (epidemics, war, acute economic crises), the family, as a basic institution that combines stability and flexibility, plays an important role in the mechanism of self-preservation of the population: solidarity between generations, mutual assistance, and the exchange of financial and material resources are the key to the further reproduction of the country’s population.

During the three years of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, the family demonstrated stability, adaptability, flexibility, that is, a high level of resilience: this is evidenced by widespread practices of family solidarity and mutual assistance, active adoption and taking into custody/guardianship of children who were left without parents due to military aggression, and a fairly high level of marriageability of the population. Marital and family ties are extremely important for the stability demonstrated by the country’s citizens during this difficult period. At the same time, in conditions of a protracted war, numerous risks and problems (primarily a decrease in marriage and reproductive potential, aggravation of gender problems, an increase in the number of divorces, the spread of domestic violence, and frequent cases of children from socially disadvantaged families being transferred to boarding schools) are a significant challenge for the resilience of the Ukrainian family and for the entire society. Therefore, a comprehensive, scientifically based state family policy aimed at solving problems in this area and creating conditions for the full implementation of the demographic and social functions of the family is extremely important.

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NUMBER AND STRUCTURE OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE LIQUIDATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHORNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT (1986—2020)

Nataliіa Gunko — 2025-07-03

Given the exceptional relevance of information on the number and structure of the population, which are the scientific basis for assessing the medical consequences of the Chornobyl disaster by the national and foreign community, the purpose of the study was to analyse the sources of information of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine for 1986—2020 regarding the number and structure of participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chornobyl NPP accident (PACL). Demographic, mathematical and statistical, graphical, comparison and generalisation methods were applied. For the first time, statistical data of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on the number and structure of the PACL for 1986—2020 were collected, systematized and analysed, which showed an annual reduction in their number to 161.2 thousand people. The maximum number of the PACL was under monitoring in 1994—1996 (over 250 thousand people). The natural loss is the main reason for the reduction in the number. It was found that the cohort was formed during 1986—1990, when representatives of all regions of the country were involved in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident. It is characterised by gender asymmetry in favour of men and a certain disproportion in the age structure as a result of limited involvement in the activities of people under 25 years of age and over 60 years of age. It is shown that the age structure of the PACL differs from the country’s population of the corresponding age in the extremely high proportion of men; a disproportionately high proportion of men aged 35—39 (25.2 %) and women aged 60— 64 (20.5 %) in the first years after the accident; a significant proportion of people outside the working age range in recent years. The significant level of aging of the cohort (34.0 % of men and 51.5% of women have reached 65 years) requires maintaining the volume of medical care and increasing the need for medical and social services in the future. The study showed the limited possibility of using statistical sources of information from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in scientific research on the number and structure of persons affected by the Chornobyl accident in the periods before 1993 and after 2019. It was found that as of today it is not possible to reliably assess the structure of the PACL due to the absence of an appropriate information base.

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REGIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN THE PRE-WAR PERIOD: EVALUATION, FEATURES, TRENDS

Tetiana Kalahsnikova — 2025-07-03

In Ukraine, fruitful long-term research has been carried out both in the field of human development assessment methodology development, which was mainly focused on creating a tool for assessing relevant processes at the regional level, and in the field of practical assessment of the current state of human development processes in the context of sustainable human development goals. An important stage in this research was the next update of the methodology for calculating the Regional Human Development Index (RHDI), which took place in 2012. The purpose of the article is to summarise the results of research conducted by the Ptoukha Institute of Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the field of assessing the state of human development by regions of Ukraine, based on long-term calculations of the Regional Human Development Index (HDI). The relevant analysis allows for the most thorough assessment of the pre-war human development situation in Ukraine, which should further serve as a basis for the losses in human development achieved by Ukraine and its regions (in particular, in certain aspects of human development) that occurred as a result of the war. The novelty of the article is that it further develops the research in the field of regional human development, in particular, assessing the pace of the relevant processes and the achieved state of development in the pre-war period, based on the statistical base of the HDI. In order to achieve the research objective, the following research methods were used: economic and statistical analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, cartographic analysis of scientific generalisations and comparisons. In general, the study carried out a multidimensional grouping of the regions of Ukraine by the method of hierarchical clustering according to the HDI indicators, both by the value of the integral indicator and by the specifics of the dynamics of human development processes over time, which allowed to determine a stable grouping of regions by the level of human development.

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[Костюк, В. С. (2023). Людський розвиток як мета і засіб подальшого руху в умовах невизначеності. Економіка та суспільство, 52].

9. Holubiev, О. В. (2024). Impact of Human Development on Economic and Social Relations. Problems of Modern Transformations. Series: Economics and Management, 13. https://doi.org/10.54929/2786-5738-2024-13-03-05

[Голубєв, О. В. (2024). Вплив людського розвитку на економічні соціальні відносини. Проблеми сучасних трансформацій. Серія: економіка та управління, 13].

10. Holubiev, O. V. (2024). Supporting human development in wartime conditions. Investytsii: praktyka ta dosvid, 22, 91—96. https://doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2024.22.91

[Голубєв, О. В. (2024). Забезпечення людського розвитку в умовах воєнного часу. Інвестиції: практика та досвід, 22, 91—96].

11. Koval, O. (2024, January 19). Updating the human development strategy: aspect of repa triation of war refugees. The National Institute for Strategic Studies. https://niss.gov.ua/news/komentari-ekspertiv/onovlennya-stratehiyi-lyudskoho-rozvytku-aspekt-repatriatsiyibizhentsiv

[Коваль, О. (2024, січень 19). Оновлення стратегії людського розвитку: аспект репатріації біженців війни. Національний інститут стратегічних досліджень].

12. Sidenko S. (2024). Current trends of human capital development in the global environment. Demography and Social Economy, 56 (2), 25—43. https://doi.org/10.15407/dse2024.02.025

[Сіденко, С. (2024). Сучасні тенденції розвитку людського капіталу в глобальному середовищі. Демографія та соціальна економіка, 56 (2), 25—43].

POST-WAR UKRAINE: INNOVATIVE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

Ella Libanova — 2025-07-03

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to find innovative approaches to the spatial development of Ukraine related to the substantiation of targeted reconstruction actions in the postwar period. The purpose of the article is to develop a basic innovative vision of Ukraine’s spatial development in the postwar period, aimed at creating an effective model of reconstructive organization of socio-economic activity. The novelty of the work is the definition of a conceptual approach that involves structuring spatial formations for the efficient use of available territorial resources, with a focus on overcoming the instability of economic systems. The research methods cover the field of system management inherent in European views on regional development, in particular, the regional economic approach; traditional urban ism; land use management, landscape approach, etc. Main conclusions. The article focuses on three key issues: the first one considers the factors influencing economic trends and structuring of economic systems; the second focuses on updating the interpretation of economic and social categories that allow tracking spatial and information flows that affect the overall development of territorial entities; the third is the interpretation of the reconstructive model of spatial development of Ukraine with regional differentiation. The model representations of the spatial organization of economic systems involve taking into account the specifics of creating effective territorial entities with long-term positive consequences. To ensure territorial unity and economic integration, the author proposes an enlarged association of regions that are considered key to economic revival and the formation of a welfare state. The importance of interregional ties through communication corridors that facilitate the unification of centers of economic activity is actualized. Such a structure facilitates adaptation to modern challenges, in particular those related to internal migration, territorial business mobility and new approaches to financial transactions with territorial assets. The author’s concept substantiates the expediency of differentiating Ukraine into specialized spatial zones with different modes of functioning, including “zones”, “gaps” and “enclaves”, which reflect regional development features. It is important to apply the principle of complementarity to the integration of economic processes, which contributes to the formation of a unified system (platform) for managing stakeholder interests with appropriate institutional support. The result of the work is a systematized vision of the differentiation of spatial formations, which is focused on the post-war reorganization of regional policy in the context of integration into the European community.

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22. Raynauld, A. (2017). Regional development in a federal state. Regional Economic Deve lopment. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Regional-Economic-DevelopmentEssays-in-Honour-of-Francois-Perroux/Higgins-Savoie/p/book/9781138102446?srsltid=AfmBOopeaHjj4q8QjpQV6mMgGb3U3qFUYaUM30ITuxLRCuh_LsWU9p14

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SOCIAL LEGACY OF M. I. TUGAN-BARANOVSKY AND THE PRESENT DAY

Valerii Novikov — 2025-07-03

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky was a prominent scientist — economist, who made a significant contribution to the formation of political economy as a scientific discipline. One of the first to identify the dualistic nature of economic theory, which can be assessed adequately only from the problematic positions of today. His social heritage is not sufficiently studied. There are good reasons to give it priority in the study of causal-functional relationships that influence the development of theoretical research. His prediction is coming true that political economy will partly transform into a theory of economic policy, and partly become part of a more general science of society-sociology and ethics. In this regard, it is particularly interesting, to study the possibility of applying various forms of ethical management, which has its roots in the work of M. I. Tu gan-Baranovsky and his famous predecessor A. Smith, taking into account the current stage of economic reform. Tugan Baranovsky’s work on de fining the ethical foundations of economic theory, which is duly underestimated, but acquires positive value in the sphere of economic interests and in modern social development. A scientific novelty is an attempt to systematically highlight and analyze the social heritage of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, where for the first time priority is given to the ethical aspects of economic policy formation, the issues of adhering to ethical principles in enterprise and business management, and the influence of ethical factors on political economy and the theory of economic welfare. Research methods: the logicalanalytical method of deduction was used based on the method of task implementation.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. Gorkina, L. P. (2001). M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky in economic theory and history. Kyiv: Institute of Economics, NAS of Ukraine.

[Горкіна, Л. П. (2001). М. І. Туган-Барановський в економічній теорії та історії. Київ: Ін-т економіки НАН України].

2. Nebrat, V. V. (Ed.) (2015). M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky: outstanding scientist, citizens, state builder. To the 150th anniversary of his birth. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Economics and Forecasting.

[Небрат, В. В. (Ред.) (2015). М. І. Туган-Барановський: видатний вчений, громадянин, державотворець. До 150-річчя від дня народження. Нац. акад. наук України, Ін-т економіки та прогнозування].

3. Davydov, O. I. (Ed.). (2015, October 15—16). M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky: creative heritage and modern economic science: materials of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky. Kharkiv: V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.

[Давидов, О. І. (Ред.). (2015, жовтень 15—16). М. І. Туган-Барановський: творча спадщина та сучасна економічна наука: матеріали міжнародної науково-практичної конференції до 150-річчя з дня народження М. І. Туган-Барановського. Харків: Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна].

4. Mykhailo Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky (2022, December 12). Department of Scientific Information and Bibliography. Chernihiv Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Sofia and Oleksandr Rusov. https://secinfchounbk.blogspot.com/2015/01/150-18651919.html

[Михайло Іванович Туган-Барановський (2022, Грудень 12). Відділ наукової інформації та бібліографії. Чернігівська обласна універсальна наукова бібліотек а імені Софії та Олександра Русових].

5. Ryabchenko, O. D. (2005). The scientific heritage of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky in the historical and economic context of Ukraine. All-Ukrainian scientific conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M. F. Sumtsov. https://museum.kh.ua/academic/publications.html?n=381

[Рябченко, О. Д. (2005). Наукова спадщина М. І. Туган-Барановського в історичному та економічному контексті. Всеукраїнська наукова конференція, присвячена 150-річчю з дня народження видатного українського вченого, академіка АН України М. Ф. Сумцова].

6. Adair, P., & Nezhyvenko, O. (2021). Tugan-Baranovsky’s Business Cycle Theory and French Economists: Inspiration and Legacy. Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics, 6 (1), 3—7. https://doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2021.6.1.3-7

[Адаір, Ф., & Неживенко, O. (2021). Tеорія бізнес-циклу Tуган-Барановського і французькі економісти: натхнення та спадщина. Наукові записки НаУКМА. Економічні науки, 6 (1), 3—7].

7. Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I. (1909). Fundamentals of political economy. St. Petersburg, Slovo, 773 p.

[Туган-Барановский, М. И. (1909). Основы политической экономии. СПб.: Слово, 773 с.].

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[Черних, Г. А. (2021). Бодріяр Жан. Велика українська енциклопедія].

12. Razin, A. (2013). Economic ethics: epistemological status and content. Epistemological Studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences, 2 (23), 218—224. https://visnukpfs.dp.ua/index.php/PFS/article/view/513

[Разін, А. (2013). Економічна етика: епістемологічний статус і зміст. Епістемологічні дослідження в філософії, соціальних і політичних науках, 2 (23), 218—224].

13. Geets, V. M. et al. (2015). M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky: scientist, citizen, state-builder. To the 150th anniversary of his birth: monograph. State Institution «Institute of Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine». Kyiv: Naukova dumka. https://feu.kneu.edu.ua/ua/depts4/k_istorii_teor_gosp/news_of_department_ieku/ 7890345656/

[Геєць, В. М. та ін. (2015). М. І. Туган-Барановський: вчений, громадянин, державотворець. До 150-річчя від дня народження: монографія. ДУ «Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України». Київ: Наукова думка].